Among the works attributed to Mowlana, Daftar-e Haftom (the Seventh Book) is more popular and important. The present study was conducted to investigate one of the most common stylistic features found in Mathnawi and Daftar-e Haftom. Given the wide usage of the VOCATIVE CASEs in Mathnawi and Daftar-e Haftom, and attributing this book to Mowlana, the present study sought to conduct a stylistic comparison of addresses, similarities, and differences between the two works in using VOCATIVE CASE. Since sentences with VOCATIVEs are speech-oriented, various applications of addresses by the poet would help identify perspectives, attitudes, and personal styles. Results of the present study indicated that Mowlana has been more successful in communicating with the audience and inducing his message using rhetorical methods and literary tools. However, the composer of Daftar-e Haftom failed to achieve much success in this regard, despite his efforts in creating stylistic poems.

Syntactical analysis is considered an important step in grasping the aesthetic value of poetry. Thus in the present paper, the most commonly used sentence in Hafiz—VOCATIVE sentences (nedā)—are analyzed. These sentences show great variety in Hafiz, both from a formal standpoint and a thematic one. This variety in syntactical structure of VOCATIVE sentence, is one of the affective ellements in figuration of Hafiz’s poetry’s aesthatic. For the present study all 484 ghazals anthologized in Hūshing Ebtehāj’s Hafiz beh Ravāyat-e Sāyeh (2011) have been analyzed. Some of the results of the present study include information about Hafiz’s original audience, and the relationship between these exclamations and topics such as balance in lines and ghazals, apostrophe and poetic imagery. Each topic is explained with several instances from the ghazals. The findings of Persian grammarians as well as Western critics have been used in the present study.

VOCATIVE is a role that noun accepts it and usually used in Persian language with interjection letters i.e. “Ey”, “Ya” and “Alef” that is attached to the end of the noun.By combining the definitions that have been mentioned for VOCATIVE in grammar books, it can be concluded that VOCATIVE is a noun that is addressed; whether it is a real address or figurative. The verbal symbol of VOCATIVE is “Ey” and its synonyms in sentence that sometimes these symbols are deleted from sentence and the change of word's song is replaced it. VOCATIVE and more precisely the core of VOCATIVE may be deleted from the sentence.

VOCATIVEs are small but important expressions in the meaning of an utterance. They are defined as a means of drawing an addressee's attention, in order to “ establish or maintain a relationship between this addressee and some proposition” (Lambrecht, 1996, p. 267). In spite of their importance, we can claim that the investigation of the VOCATIVEs has been neglected in linguistic inquiry until very recently. Meanwhile, the VOCATIVEs do not take any syntactic or semantic role in the sentence and are not parts of the sentence structure, they have been considered as peripheral to syntax as well. Traditionally, VOCATIVE phrases have been considered purely pragmatic phenomena; as a result, they have been studied from the pragmatic viewpoint. Alternatively, recent studies (Rizzi, 1997; Spease & Tenny, 2003; Speas, 2004; Hill, 2007, 2013) propose that there are syntactic projections that encode information relevant to the interface between syntax and pragmatics. According to these studies, in a structural field above CP, some pragmatic phenomena such as VOCATIVEs can be studied. This assumption is based on the observation in some languages that there is agreement between pragmatic phenomena such as VOCATIVEs or interjections and syntactic features such as CASE, number and persons. Hill (2007) studies VOCATIVEs in the speech act domain above CP. He claims that markers surrounding VOCATIVE nouns that express pragmatic notions and are thought of as attention drawing interjections show restricted pattern of co-occurrence and ordering in languages that call for syntactic analysis. Hill (2007) believes that VOCATIVE phrases are derived through the same set of computations that apply to the core syntax, except for the point that the fields in which these computations occur are in the domain of discourse. In this approach, which tries analyzing pragmatic phenomena in the syntax-pragmatics interface, a VOCATIVE phrase is a functional projection whose head (V0) contains a VOCATIVE particle which, in turn, selects a DP (VOCATIVE nouns) as its complement. Hill (2013) focuses on the internal structure of VOCATIVEs and their relations with the clause. He considers a VOCATIVE phrase as the indirect object of the speech act head mapped at the left periphery of the clause. Therefore, the present study aims to survey VOCATIVEs and VOCATIVE particles based on Hill’ s (2007, 2013) study in the syntax-pragmatics interface in Persian. The advantage of this approach is that it is possible to account for a whole range of pragmatic phenomena occurring in an utterance. The linguistic data in the study were selected from diverse texts including poetic, formal and colloquial writings to account for the formal and informal VOCATIVE particles in Persian. VOCATIVEs in Persian are formed by an optional VOCATIVE particle and some grammatical categories such as proper or common nouns, adjectives and pronouns (Anvari & Givi, 1997, p. 95). VOCATIVE particles (as the head) can be overt or covert in a VOCATIVE phrase. By covert, it means that a VOCATIVE particle is present in the head position; however, it does not have any phonetic realization. Thus, in some instances, the VOCATIVE particle specifies a null VOCATIVE in Persian, therefore, it can be understood from the context. The results of the study indicate that a VOCATIVE phrase in Persian is a type of syntactic phrase named “ a VOCATIVE phrase projection” in the speech act layer in the syntax-pragmatics interface. A VOCATIVE phrase contains a VOCATIVE either overt or covert particle in the head position of the VOCATIVE phrase that selects a VOCATIVE as its complement. The VOCATIVE particle in the head position of a VOCATIVE phrase projection contains a [2nd person] feature and [inter-personal (i-p)] feature. The [i-p] feature is specified by three other functional features, including [+/-Deictic, +/-formality, +/-familiarity]. Interpersonal features refer to all kinds of interpersonal relationships between the speaker and hearer. A VOCATIVE sometimes refers to a hearer that can be the speaker hence it has deictic property. If no referent is available, the deictic feature is inactive. The feature formality refers to the usage of formal or informal VOCATIVE particles in Persian. The feature familiarity refers to the speaker-addressee relations. Sometimes, there is a close relationship between the speaker and hearer; therefore, the feature of familiarity is active. In conclusion, this study proposes that the interpretation of VOCATIVEs requires correlating syntax and pragmatics in the interface and a VOCATIVE phrase is a functional projection bearing pragmatic features above the complementizer phrase layer (CP). By considering a speech act layer above the CP, VOCATIVEs, interjections, and other pragmatic phenomena can be studied syntactically.

All along the history of medicine, CASE reports have always been a rich resource for teaching and research. Nowadays CASE reports are published in many medical journals. Publishing these reports often sounds easy, but if not provided in a systematic approach, usually have little value for other researchers and the rejection rate can be extremely high. As the number of submitted reports to medical journals are increasing, the author should know how he/she can select and report the CASE in order to persuade editors to accept the report. Recently, the CASE reports have been considered as a source of reliable evidence in evidence based medicine. Interestingly, evidence based reporting of CASEs has come to the center of attention of modern article writers.The CASE must be chosen properly and presented in a brief but informative way. Both positive and negative outstanding results related to the CASE must be noted. Discussing characteristics and unique aspects of the CASE is of paramount importance. The author should try to cite some important references in the discussion section of the article. In the present review, We tried to describe the way in which a clinician  can write and publish a classical CASE report.

Appropriation is one of the sub-categories in (Arabic) syntax and rhetorics. It has specific precepts within Arabic syntax. In the books on rhetorics, it is usually discussed in the figurative senses of VOCATIVE CASE under the category or non-indication. In rhetorics, appropriation means limiting a thing or an action in a person or restricting someone or something to something or some action. Its usage in Arabic and Persian Language differs. In this article, the method of its usage in Persian Language, its instances and implications are discussed.

Tendency toward direct addressing and making dialogues with the special or in-text audience are common approaches in Persian poetry as well as Persian children’s poetry. This audience is not an out-of-text or implied one, someone whose presence is assumed at the time of writing the poem; rather, it is an actual audience, someone who has an effective and essential role in the creation of the text. This is a long-established method in Persian poetry and most Persian poets have made use of it. Nowadays, even writers of children’s and adolescents’ poetry draw on the affordances and possibilities of the tone and method of addressing with different intentions.Monireh Hashemi is one of the popular and well-known writers of children’s and adolescents’ poetry, many of whose works have an addressing structure and contain a collection of VOCATIVE expressions. These statements usually take shape with verbs in the present tense and are structured around the desire to maintain relationship with an in-text audience and to persuade and affect him/her. The audience of these poems is chosen by the poet and is a silent audience devoid of any action or reaction. He/she listens to what the poet or the speaker says and accepts, without dispute, a collection of VOCATIVE expressions with different and various functions. These statements do not take shape according to a homogenous linguistic and rhetorical pattern; actually, one can observe in them characteristics of various types of expressions, such as spoken, narrative, simple descriptive and visual.